25/09/2026
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Causes & Treatment
A TBI occurs when a sudden external physical force causes damage to brain tissue.
How It Happens
Direct Impact: A physical blow to the head from falls, sports collisions, or assault.
Rapid Deceleration: Sudden stops (e.g., motor vehicle crashes) cause the brain to impact the inner skull wall (Coup-Contrecoup injury).
Rotational Acceleration: Twisting forces stretch and tear nerve fibers deep within brain tissue (Diffuse Axonal Injury).
Moderate to Severe TBI
Emergency Stabilization: Securing the airway, ensuring adequate oxygenation, and maintaining blood pressure to prevent secondary brain injury.
Surgical Intervention: Hematoma evacuation or decompressive craniectomy to relieve dangerous intracranial pressure (ICP).
ICU Management: Targeted ICP monitoring and hyperosmolar therapy (mannitol or hypertonic saline).
Rehabilitation: Multidisciplinary recovery including physical, speech, and occupational therapy.
Red Flag Symptoms Requiring Immediate ER Evaluation
Repeated vomiting
Worsening headache
Unequal pupil size
Clear fluid or blood leaking from the nose or ears
Slurred speech, confusion, or seizures
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