Otorhinolaryngology Prof. Soad Yehia

18/10/2026

13/10/2026

: Mind and Matter

ORIGIN: Facial motor nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus & nucleus of the solitary tract → facial nerve.

COURSE: Pons → internal acoustic meatus → facial canal → stylomastoid foramen → parotid gland → divides into five terminal branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular & cervical.

FUNCTION: Motor to facial expression; taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue; parasympathetic supply to lacrimal, submandibular & sublingual glands.

TYPE: Mixed (motor, sensory & parasympathetic).

CLINICAL: Lesion → ipsilateral facial weakness; LMN lesion affects the whole face, while UMN lesion typically spares the forehead. May cause loss of taste, hyperacusis & reduced lacrimation.

HIGH-YIELD ANATOMICAL PEARL: The facial nerve passes through the parotid gland but does not provide its secretomotor supply; that is mediated by CN IX.

14/09/2026

«الطب مسؤولية وأمانة وليست شهادة ورقية للتخرج ورسالة لصالح صحة وسلامة المريض قبل أن تكون شهادة تخرج»

14/09/2026

📐 Cephalometric Tracing & Anatomical Landmarks: Hard and Soft Tissue Reference Guide 🦷✨

Accurate cephalometric tracing is the cornerstone of orthodontic diagnosis, growth pattern evaluation, and precise biomechanical planning! Before constructing reference planes and angular measurements, mastering foundational hard- and soft-tissue landmarks on lateral cephalograms is essential:

🦴 Skeletal and Dental Landmarks

* Subspinale (A): Deepest midline point on the anterior contour of the maxilla between ANS and the alveolar crest.

* Supramentale (B): Deepest midline point on the anterior contour of the mandibular symphysis between the alveolar crest and Pogonion.

* Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS): The tip of the sharp bony projection at the anterior margin of the maxilla.

* Posterior Nasal Spine (PNS): Posterior extremity of the hard palate.

* Pterygomaxillary Fissure (Ptm): Most posterosuperior contour of the tear-drop shaped pterygopalatine fossa.

* Gnathion (Gn): Most anteroinferior point on the bony chin contour, located halfway between Pog and M.

* Gonion (Go): The most posteroinferior point at the angle of the mandible.

* Upper Incisal Edge (UI): Most anterior/incisal tip of the maxillary central incisor crown.

* Lower Incisal Edge (LI): Incisal tip of the mandibular central incisor crown.

* Menton (M): The lowest (most caudal) point on the symphysis of the mandible.

* Upper Molar (UM): Mesiobuccal cusp tip of the permanent maxillary first molar.

* Lower Molar (LM): Mesiobuccal cusp tip of the permanent mandibular first molar.

* Nasion (N): The anterior limit of the suture between the frontal and nasal bones.

* Orbitale (Or): The lowest point on the inferior margin of the orbit.

* Pogonion (Pog): The most anterior point on the bony chin contour.

* Porion (P): The superior point on the external acoustic meatus.

* Sella (S): The geometric center of the pituitary fossa (sella turcica).

👤 Soft Tissue Profile Landmarks

* Glabella (Gl): The most prominent anterior point of the soft tissue forehead.

* Upper Lip (UL): The most anterior point of the vermilion border of the upper lip (labrale superius).

* Lower Lip (LL): The most anterior point of the vermilion border of the lower lip (labrale inferius).

* Soft Tissue Menton (M'): The lowest point on the soft tissue contour of the chin.

* Soft Tissue Pogonion (Pog'): The most anterior point of the soft tissue chin.

* Mid-Nasal Point (1/2): Halfway point along the nasal dorsum contour.

* Subnasale (Sn): The junction point where the nasal columella merges with the upper cutaneous lip.

💡 Clinical Takeaway: Combining skeletal base analysis with comprehensive soft tissue landmarking ensures optimal facial harmony, predictable visual treatment objectives (VTO), and post-treatment stability!

08/09/2026

07/08/2026

Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) is closely related to Aviation and Aerospace Medicine because flying and changes in atmospheric pressure mainly affect the ears, nose, sinuses, and balance system.

The main areas of overlap include:

* Ear: Barotrauma, Eustachian tube dysfunction, hearing loss, tympanic membrane injuries.
* Balance (Vestibular system): Vertigo, vestibular disorders, motion sickness, spatial disorientation.
* Nose and Sinuses: Sinus barotrauma, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis affecting fitness to fly...
* Sleep and Airway: Obstructive sleep apnea and its impact on pilot performance and flight certification.
* Aeromedical Assessment: Evaluation of hearing, balance, and upper airway disorders to determine fitness to fly.

Why ORL is Important in Aviation Medicine

An ORL specialist helps:

* Diagnose and treat ENT conditions that may impair flight safety.
* Assess pilots before returning to flying after ENT illnesses or surgery.
* Prevent complications related to pressure changes and vestibular dysfunction.