18/03/2018
What Is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman's reproductive organs. Infection spreads upward from the cervix to the uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding structures. Some of these conditions are also referred to as:
cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix);salpingitis (inflammation of the Fallopian tubes);endometritis (inflammation present in the lining tissues of the uterus); andperitonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs).
All of these conditions may be considered as specific diseases but many investigators group them together as variations of PID, especially if they are caused by either Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Bacteria can infect the Fallopian tubes and cause inflammation (salpingitis). When this happens, normal tissue can become scarred and block the normal passage of an egg, causing infertility. But if Fallopian tubes are partially blocked, an egg may implant outside the uterus and cause a dangerous condition called an ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy can cause internal bleeding and even death. Scar tissue may also develop elsewhere in the abdomen and cause pelvic pain that can last for months or years.
The two most commonly involved bacteria that cause PID are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which cause the s*xually transmitted diseases, chlamydia and gonorrhea.PID can cause a wide variety of symptoms. Some women can be very ill and have severe pain and fever. Others can have no obvious symptoms or even appear ill. Thus, PID is not always easy to diagnose. But it is important for women to seek medical attention if they have any risk factors for PID or symptoms of PID.Sexually active adolescent females and women younger than 25 years are at greatest risk, although PID can occur at any age.
What Causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
Pelvic inflammatory disease is most frequently caused by bacteria that are transmitted through s*xual contact and other bodily secretions. Bacteria that cause gonorrhea and chlamydia cause more than half of cases. Many studies suggest that a number of patients with PID and other s*xually transmitted diseases are often infected with two or more infectious agents, and commonly these are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Other organisms can also cause PID but are much less common.
If a woman has PID, she may have any of these symptoms:
Abdominal pain (especially lower abdominal pain) or tendernessBack painAbnormal uterine bleedingUnusual or heavy vaginal dischargePainful urinationPainful s*xual in*******se
Symptoms not related to the female reproductive organs include fever, nausea, and vomiting.
PID symptoms may be worse at the end of a menstrual period and during the first several days following a period.
If a female is experiencing the following symptoms, she should see a health care provider:
Abdominal pain that does not go awayIrregular vaginal bleedingFoul-smelling vaginal dischargeUnusual vaginal dischargeFever, nausea, vomiting
Given the long-term complications PID can cause, such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy, it is recommended that females seek immediate medical attention if they have any of these symptoms:
Lower abdominal pain or tendernessFever greater than 101 F (38.3 C)Abnormal or foul-smelling vaginal discharge
Adult women with PID are either closely monitored or admitted to the hospital. More aggressive treatment may take place in the hospital for adolescent females, who are at a much higher risk of not following treatment plans and of having complications.
The person may be admitted to the hospital if any of the following occur:
The definitive diagnosis of the woman's abdominal/pelvic pain is unclear.Ectopic pregnancy or appendicitis cannot be ruled out.She is pregnant.An abscess (a localized infection) is suspected. A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a type of disease seen frequently in PID. A tubo-ovarian abscess is a collection of bacteria, pus, and fluid (abscess) that occurs in the Fallopian tube and involves the o***y. It is most often seen in teens. A tubo-ovarian abscess is also more likely to occur in teens or adult women who use intrauterine devices (IUDs) as birth control. A teen girl with a tubo-ovarian abscess often looks sick, has a fever and pain that makes it difficult to walk. The abscess will be treated with antibiotics in the hospital by most physicians. Surgery may be needed to remove or drain the abscess.The person is acutely ill or cannot manage their illness at home.
Physical exam findings in PID often include the following:
a temperature greater than 101 F (38.3 C);abnormal vaginal discharge;lower abdominal tenderness when exterior pressure is applied;tenderness when the cervix is moved (during a bimanual or speculum exam); ortenderness in female organs (ovaries).
Laboratory tests may include the following:
a urine or serum pregnancy test if the female is of childbearing age;urinalysis to check for bladder and kidney infection;a complete blood count (although fewer than half of women with acute PID have a high white blood cell count indicating an infection)
Imaging
A pelvic ultrasound, although not routinely done, can be an important tool in diagnosing complications such as tubo-ovarian abscesses, ovarian torsion, ovarian cysts, and ectopic pregnancy. Although unlikely to occur in pregnancy, PID is the most commonly missed diagnosis in ectopic pregnancies and can occur during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Exploratory Surgery
A woman's health specialist (a gynecologist) can use a laparoscope (a small tube with a camera attached) and make small surgical incisions in and around the navel to view the reproductive organs and evaluate whether inflammation is present. The doctor can also identify an ectopic pregnancy using this technique. Definitive care can then be provided from starting IV antibiotics to removing an ectopic pregnancy.
A health care practitioner will start antibiotic therapy for PID as soon as the diagnosis is made. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are suspected and treated in every person. Pain medication and IV fluids will be given if the patient needs them.
What Are the Medications for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
Because samples of the bacteria from the upper ge***al tract are difficult to obtain and because many different organisms may be responsible for PID, especially if it is not the person's first occurrence, the doctor will usually prescribe at least two antibiotics at the same time that are effective against a wide range of infectious bacteria.
The doctor may provide IV antibiotics at the office, by a visiting nurse, or in a clinic. Emergency department doctors may also provide oral and IV antibiotic treatment. Depending on the severity of the particular case of PID, a doctor may also choose to admit the person for hospital treatment.
If the patient is pregnant, it is likely they are going to be admitted into the hospital. If the doctor is unsure that the person has PID, a gynecologist will be consulted. If the doctor cannot rule out appendicitis or another surgical emergency, a surgeon may be consulted. Likewise, if the person is found to have an abscess (tubo-ovarian abscess), they will be admitted to the hospital.If the person is not admitted to the hospital and does not improve within 72 hours of starting treatment, then the patient should be reevaluated. Such patients may be given IV antibiotics and be admitted to the hospital.
Untreated PID can cause chronic pelvic pain and scarring in about 20% of women. These conditions are difficult to treat but are sometimes improved with surgery. Surgery may also be needed to remove or drain a tubo-ovarian abscess if present. If you are experiencing any of this symptoms contact KNOT HERBS for curable solutions. Call/whatapp on 08034141587 or 09020247790.
![[26/02, 9:31 p.m.] Temitayo: Premature ej*******on (PE) occurs when a man experiences or**sm and expels semen soon after...](https://img5.gleauty.com/272/364/178921312723640.jpg)
