26/09/2026
Understanding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition in which the body does not use insulin effectively and, over time, may also produce insufficient insulin. This leads to increased levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
What Causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes develops through a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Important risk factors include:
Being overweight or having obesity
Physical inactivity
A family history of diabetes
Increasing age
High blood pressure
Abnormal cholesterol levels
Previous gestational diabetes
However, having a risk factor does not necessarily mean that a person will develop diabetes.
Signs and Symptoms
Type 2 diabetes can develop gradually, and some people may have few or no symptoms. Common symptoms include:
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Increased hunger
Unexplained weight loss
Tiredness
Blurred vision
Slow healing of wounds
Frequent infections
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Because symptoms can be mild, regular screening is important for people who have increased risk.
How Is Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed?
Healthcare professionals use blood glucose tests to diagnose diabetes. These may include:
Fasting plasma glucose
HbA1c
Oral glucose tolerance test
Random plasma glucose, particularly when typical symptoms are present
A healthcare professional should interpret the results and determine whether additional testing is requied.
Managing Type 2 Diabetes
Although type 2 diabetes is a long-term condition, it can be effectively managed. Management commonly involves:
1. Healthy Eating
A balanced diet containing vegetables, whole grains, legumes, lean sources of protein, and appropriate portions can help control blood glucose.
2. Physical Activity
Regular physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity and help with weight management. Adults should discuss an appropriate exercise plan with their healthcare professional, especially if they have other medical
